chore: replace Python base image with direct reference (for discussion, do not merge)

[aaronsteers]

Update the Dockerfile to use a direct Python base image instead of copying from the Python connector base image, ensuring better control over the Python version and dependencies.

This will allow us to use newer Python versions in the Builder, for SDM, and for manifest-only connectors.

The Python base image can be separarely updated from now on, without impacting the SDM or Manifest-Only runners.

[github-actions]

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Pull Request Overview

This PR replaces the Python connector base image dependency with a direct Python 3.13.7 base image to decouple Python version management between Python connectors and Manifest-Only executions.

• Removes dependency on airbyte/python-connector-base:4.0.2
• Adds comprehensive base image setup including user management, directory creation, and dependency installation
• Switches to Python 3.13.7-slim-bookworm with SHA256 hash verification

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Review failed

The head commit changed during the review from 0cd02f8 to f586d1d.

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• Commit unit tests in branch aj/chore/images/decouple-sdm-image-from-python-base-image

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[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Fast)

3 763 tests  +1   3 751 ✅ ±0   6m 39s ⏱️ -30s
    1 suites ±0      12 💤 +1 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit 2544605. ± Comparison against base commit eca065f.

This pull request skips 1 test.

unit_tests.sources.declarative.test_concurrent_declarative_source ‑ test_read_with_concurrent_and_synchronous_streams

♻️ This comment has been updated with latest results.

[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Full)

3 766 tests   3 754 ✅  11m 18s ⏱️
    1 suites     12 💤
    1 files        0 ❌

Results for commit 2544605.